① 初中英語
(一)、及物動詞與不及物動詞
英語中按動詞後可否直接跟賓語,可把動詞分成及物動詞與和及物動詞。
1.及物動詞: 字典里詞後標有vt. 的就是及物動詞。及物動詞後必須跟有動作的對象(即賓語),可直接跟賓語。see 看見 (vt.) +賓語 I can see a boy.
2.不及物動詞:字典里詞後標有vi. 的就是不及物動詞。不及物動詞後不能直接跟有動作的對象(即賓語)。若要跟賓語,必須先在其後添加上某個介詞,如to,of ,at後方可跟上賓語。
具體每個動詞後究竟加什麼介詞就得背動詞短語了,如listen to,look at…..
3. 賓語(動作的對象):是名詞或代詞,或相當於名詞的詞或短語(如動名詞)。其它詞不看作動作的對象呢。
4.舉例:「看」
(1)see 看見 (vt.) +賓語 I can see a boy.
(2)look 看 (vi.) x賓語(即不能直接加賓語). Look! She is singing.
Look carefully! (注意:carefully 是副詞,不是名詞,故不作賓語喲)
(3)look at 看…….+賓語 Look at me carefully! (me是代詞,作賓語了)
(二)、什麼是反意疑問句
前面是肯定,後面就否定
前面是否定,後面就肯定
eg:
1.It is a find day,isn't it?
2.It isn't a find day,is it?
前面是肯定,後面就否定
前面是否定,後面就肯定
eg:
1.It is a find day,isn't it?
2.It isn't a find day,is it?
(三)初中英語八種時態歸納復習
l 時態是英語學習中一個至關重要的內容,廣大初中學生在實際運用時,往往對時態總是倍感棘手,下面我們就歸納復習一下這幾種時態。
一、 一般現在時:
l 概念:經常、反復發生的動作或行為及現在的某種狀況。
l 時間狀語:
always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, year, month…), once a week, on Sundays,
l 基本結構:①be動詞;②行為動詞
l 否定形式:①am/is/are+not;②此時態的謂語動詞若為行為動詞,則在其前加don't,如主語為第三人稱單數,則用doesn't,同時還原行為動詞。
l 一般疑問句:①把be動詞放於句首;②用助動詞do提問,如主語為第三人稱單數,則用does,同時,還原行為動詞。
二、 一般過去時:
l 概念:過去某個時間里發生的動作或狀態;過去習慣性、經常性的動作、行為。
l 時間狀語:ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week(year, night, month…), in 1989, just now, at the age of 5, one day, long long ago, once upon a time, etc.
l 基本結構:①be動詞;②行為動詞
l 否定形式:①was/were+not;②在行為動詞前加didn't,同時還原行為動詞。
l 一般疑問句:①was或were放於句首;②用助動詞do的過去式did 提問,同時還原行為動詞。
三、 現在進行時:
l 概念:表示現階段或說話時正在進行的動作及行為。
l 時間狀語:now, at this time, these days, etc.
l 基本結構:am/is/are+doing
l 否定形式:am/is/are+not+doing.
l 一般疑問句:把be動詞放於句首。
四、 過去進行時:
l 概念:表示過去某段時間或某一時刻正在發生或進行的行為或動作。
l 時間狀語:at this time yesterday, at that time或以when引導的謂語動詞是一般過去時的時間狀語等。
l 基本結構:was/were+doing
l 否定形式:was/were + not + doing.
l 一般疑問句:把was或were放於句首。
五、 現在完成時:
l 概念:過去發生或已經完成的動作對現在造成的影響或結果,或從過去已經開始,持續到現在的動作或狀態。
l 時間狀語:recently, lately, since…for…,in the past few years, etc.
l 基本結構:have/has + done
l 否定形式:have/has + not +d one.
l 一般疑問句:have或has。
六、 過去完成時:
l 概念:以過去某個時間為標准,在此以前發生的動作或行為,或在過去某動作之前完成的行為,即「過去的過去」。
l 時間狀語:before, by the end of last year(term, month…),etc.
l 基本結構:had + done.
l 否定形式:had + not + done.
l 一般疑問句:had放於句首。
七、 一般將來時:
l 概念:表示將要發生的動作或存在的狀態及打算、計劃或准備做某事。
l 時間狀語:tomorrow, next day(week, month, year…),soon, in a few minutes, by…,the day after tomorrow, etc.
l 基本結構:①am/is/are/going to + do;②will/shall + do.
l 否定形式:①was/were + not; ②在行為動詞前加didn't,同時還原行為動詞。
l 一般疑問句:①be放於句首;②will/shall提到句首。
八、 過去將來時:
l 概念:立足於過去某一時刻,從過去看將來,常用於賓語從句中。
l 時間狀語:the next day(morning, year…),the following month(week…),etc.
l 基本結構:①was/were/going to + do;②would/should + do.
l 否定形式:①was/were/not + going to + do;②would/should + not + do.
l 一般疑問句:①was或were放於句首;②would/should 提到句首。
l Ⅱ. 幾種常見時態的相互轉換
l 英語中的幾種時態在一定情況下可以互相轉換,以下是幾種常見的轉換形式:
一、 一般過去時與現在完成時的轉換
n 在現在完成時中,延續性動詞能與表示一段時間的狀語連用,瞬間動詞卻不能。但是,可用別的表達方式:①瞬間動詞用於「一段時間 + ago」的一般過去時的句型中;②瞬間動詞可改成與之相對應的延續性動詞及短語,與一段時間連用;③瞬間動詞用於「It is + 一段時間 + since + 一般過去時」的句型中,表示「自從……以來有……時間」的意思,主句一般用it is來代替It has been;④瞬間動詞用於「Some time has passed since + 一般過去時」的句型中。請看:
A. He joined the League two years ago.
B. He has been in the League for two years.
C. It is two years since he joined the League.
D. Two years has passed since he joined the League.
二、 一般現在時與現在進行時的轉換
n 在一般現在時中,at加上名詞表示「處於某種狀態」,如at work(在工作), at school(上學、上課)等。此短語可與進行時態轉換。請看:
l Peter is at work, but Mike is at play.
l Peter is working, but Mike is playing.
三、 現在進行時與一般將來時的轉換
n 在現在進行時態中go, come, leave, start, arrive等動詞常與表示將來的時間狀語連用表示將要發生的動作。如:I am coming, Mum! 意為「我就來,媽媽!」請看:
l The train is leaving soon.
l The train will leave soon.
l 四、「be going to+動詞原形」與「will(shall)+動詞原形」結構的轉換
n 「be going to+動詞原形」、表示打算、計劃要做的事;將來時「will(shall)+動詞原形」結構在書面語中,當主語為第一人稱時,常用助動詞shall。在口語中,所有人稱都可以用will。請看:
l We are going to visit the Great Wall next Sunday.
l We shall visit the Great Wall next Sunday.
l Ⅲ. 中考動詞時態考點分析
一、 根據時間狀語確定時態的原則
l 1. Hurry up! The play for ten minutes. (2002遼寧)
l A. has begun B. had begun C. has been on D. began
l [析] 1. C。since後接時間的起點,for後接時間段,主句動詞用現在完成時,應注意瞬間動詞與延續性動詞的使用。
二、 在復合句根據時態呼應確定時態的原則
l 2. Do you know if back next week? If he back, please let me know. (2002黑龍江 )
l A. he comes; will come B. will he come; comes
l C. he will come; comes D. will he come; will come
n [析] 2. C。if既可引導賓語從句,也可引導狀語從句。充當賓語從句的連接詞時,相當於whether,詞義是「是否」。充當狀語從句的連接詞時,詞義是「如果」。從時態看,if引導賓語從句時謂語動詞的時態應根據主句的時態作相應的變化;引導表示將來動作或狀態的條件句時,若主句用一般將來時,則從句通常用一般現在時表示將來。
三、 根據上下文已有時態信息點確定時態的原則
l 3. –When this kind of computer ?
l --Last year. (2002天津)
l A. did; use B. was; used C. is; used D. are; used
l [析] 3. B。此例由下句的時間狀語推斷出一般過去時態,並且要考慮到被動語態。
四、 利用上下文語意確定時態的原則
l 4. –Hi! Lin Tao. I didn』t see you at the party.
l --Oh, I ready for the maths exam. (2002江西)
l A. am getting B. was getting C. got D. have got
l [析] 4. B。此例由didn』t, at the party推斷出應用過去進行時。
五、 時態中的「特殊」對策的原則
l 5. The teacher told us yesterday that December 25 Christmas Day. (2002遼寧)
l A. is B. was C. has been D. will be
l [析] 5. A。 有些動詞其動詞的時態是「違背常理」的。如賓語從句表示的是一個客觀事實或客觀真理時,其時態不受主句限制而用一般現在時表示。
l Ⅳ. 中考實戰題練兵
l Fill in the blanks with the right forms of the verb tense:
l 1. Mr Brown will go fishing if it (not rain) tomorrow. (2002徐州市)
l 2. I think he (be) back in a week. (2002南京市)
l 3. –Who (knock) at the door?
l --I don』t know. Let me go and see. (2002連雲港市)
l 4. Bill is strict with himself. He never (leave) today』s work for tomorrow. (2002連雲港市)
l 5. -- your uncle (return) the video tapes to Mr Fox?
l --No. They』re still in his bedroom. (2002南通市)
l 6. By the end of last term, they (work) there for ten years. (2002遼寧)
l 7. Mr. Wang (read) a newspaper in the office at this time yesterday. (2002上海市)
l 8. Mr. Green and his wife (live) in London for a few years before they
l (come) to work in China in 2001. (2002曲靖市)
l 9. They never knew what (happen) to the world in a hundred years. (2002南充)
l 10. About 400 years ago, Galileo(伽利略) proved that the earth (go) around the sun. (2002陝西)
(四)英語上的分詞分為現在分詞和過去分詞。
現在分詞和過去分詞主要差別在於:現在分詞表示"主動和進行",過去分詞表示"被動和完成"(不及物動詞的過去分詞不表示被動,只表示完成)。分詞可以有自己的狀語、賓語或邏輯主語等。
1、 分詞作狀語分詞在句子中作狀語,可以表示時間、條件、原因、結果、讓步、伴隨等。
分詞在句子中作狀語,使用何種分詞,要取決於分詞與句子主語的關系:主謂關系用現在分詞,動賓或被動關系用過去分詞。
(1)現在分詞The students went out of the classroom, laughing and talking.
(2)過去分詞Accompanied by his friend, he went to the railway station. Given better attention, the plants could grow better.
2、"while ( when, once, until, if , though等連詞)+分詞"結構現在分詞或過去分詞作狀語時,有時可以在分詞前加while,when, once, although, until, if等連詞。
When leaving the airport, she waved again and again to us. While waiting for the train, I had a long talk with my sister about her work……
Once recovered, he threw himself into his work and made every effort to do it well.
Although working very hard, he failed to pass the final exam. If translated word by word, the passage will be difficult to understand.
3、分詞作定語分詞作定語時,單個的分詞通常放在被修飾的名詞之前,分詞短語一般置於所修飾的中心詞後面。現在分詞修飾的是發出該動作的名詞(即與名詞有主謂關系),過去分詞修飾承受該動作的名詞(即與名詞是動賓關系)。
We will go on with our experiment as soon as we get the added fund.
This is really an exhausting day to all of us!
We can see the part of the moon lighted by sunlight.
After a night spent in excitement and sleeplessness, I forced myself to take a long walk along the beach the next day.
More and more developing countries established strategic partnership with developed countries
4、分詞作賓語補足語現在分詞在see, watch, hear, observe, notice, feel, find, glimpse, glance等感官動詞和look at, listen to等短語動詞以及have, keep, get, catch, leave, set, start, send等使役動詞後面與名詞或代詞構成復合賓語,作賓語補語的成分。
5、分詞作表語分詞作表語通常看作形容詞來用。現在分詞表示主語的性質,而且主語多為物;過去分詞表示主語的感受或狀態,主語多為人。
(五)五大基本句型
英文的句子按照主詞、動詞、受詞補語來分類,可以分成五大基本句型。 分別是:
一、S+V(主語+謂語動詞)
1. Snow falls. 下雪
2. The sun rises. 太陽升起
3. The moon rose slowly.
4. He spoke loudly.
二、S+V+C【Subject(主語)+Verb(動詞)+Complement(補語)】
即:主語+連系動詞+表語
1.He is the author. 他是作者 (名詞作補語)
2.Spring is here. 春天到了 (副詞作補語)
3. He is in the room. 他在房間里 (介詞片語作補語)
4.To see is to believe. 眼見為憑 (不定詞作補語)
5.The question is what to say. 問題是要說什麼 (名詞片語作補語)
6. S+感官動詞+SC
The candy tastes sweet. 這糖果嘗起來很甜
The milk smells sour. 這牛奶聞起來酸酸的
It sounds great. 這聽起來不錯
She looks suprised. 她看起來很吃驚
I feel better. 我感
三、S+V+O(Subject主語+verb動詞+object賓語)
1.I want to study Math. 我想要研讀數學 (受詞為不定詞)
2 I love her. 我愛她(受詞為名詞)
3. She knows that he never tells the truth. 她知道他從未說過實話 (受詞為名詞子句)
4. I like fishing. 我喜歡釣魚 (受詞為動名詞)
四、S+V+O+C(Subject主語+Verb動詞+Object賓語+Complement補語)
1. We paid him $100. 我付他100元 = We paid $100 to him.
2. I showed him my books. 我對他展示我的書=I showed my books to him.
五、S+V+O+O(Subject主語+Verb動詞+Object賓語+Object賓語)
這里的不完全及物動詞主要有
感官動詞: see hear watch feel
使役動詞: make get ask let keep
其他如: call believe consider
1. We considered him a wise person. 我認為他是一個聰明的人
2. She made me mad. 她使我生氣.
3. I saw him swim across the river. 我看見他游過河
另外還有一類也可歸做本句型 (介系詞片語作補語 as ..., in ...)
S Vt + as O OC
1. I regard it as impossible. 我認為這是不可能的
2. I regard him as a child. 我視他為小孩
(六)英文數詞的用法與讀法
1. 小數是用數字來表示的,小數點後無論有多少位數也不要在中間插入逗點,小數點讀作 point,小數點後面的數字要一個一個地讀出。如:
3.4 讀作 three point four
0.8 讀作 zero point eight 或 naught point eight
30.34 讀作 thirty point three four。
Birth rate was up 2.5 times in those years.
那些年出生率上升了 2.5 倍。
小數 2.5 在句中作修飾語。
Our grain output will be 3.7 times that of 1960.
我們的糧食產量將是 1960年的 3.7 倍。
小數 3.7 在句中作修飾語。
2. 百分數用percent或per cent表示,即"%"。
The price has been reced by 20 percent (20%) since May.
自五月以來價格降低了百分之二十。
The number of visiting patients is 30%(30 percent) less than the same time last year.
就診的患者人數較去年同期下降了百分之三十。
3. 比率的表示通常都用數字,有時亦可用文字。
The ratios of 1 to 3 and 5 to 15 are the same.
一比三和五比十五的比率是相同的。
You have a fifty to fifty chance to win the game.
你有五成的機會贏得比賽。
4. 日期及年份的表示法,如:
May 22(May the twenty-second或the twenty-second of May),也可寫作 May 22nd
July 15(July the fifteenth或the fifteenth of July),也可寫作 July 15th
August 1(August the first或the first of August),也可寫作 August 1st
1949 讀作 nineteen forty-nine
1804 讀作 eighteen o four
1700 讀作 seventeen hundred
2000 讀作 two thousand
685 B.C. 讀作 six eighty-five B.C.(before Christ)
1960's(or 1960s) 讀作 nineteen sixties。
5. 時刻的表示法,如:
7:00 讀作 seven o'clock或seven
9:15 讀作 nine fifteen或a quarter past nine或a quarter after nine
11:26 讀作 eleven twenty-six或twenty-six past eleven或twenty-six after eleven
5:30 讀作 five thirty或half past five或half after five
6. 以24小時為時制的表示法,如:
08:00 讀作 eight o'clock in the morning或eight o'clock a.m.
12:00 讀作 twelve o'clock或midday或noon
14:15 讀作 fourteen fifteen或two fifteen p.m.
24:00 讀作 twelve o'clock at night或midnight
7. 單位的表達法,如:
2×3 feet 讀作 two feet by three feet
2×3×6 inches 讀作 two inches by three inches by six inches。
This parcel weighs 3 pounds 5 ounces.
This parcel is 3 pounds 5 ounces in weight.
這件包裹重三磅五盎司。
I bought a 4 feet by 5 feet rug.
我購買了一塊長五英呎寬四英呎的地毯。
The temperature dropped to -22℃(minus twenty-two degrees Centigrade).
溫度下降到攝氏零下二十二度。
His height is 178 cm.
He is 178 cm tall.
他的身高是一百七十八厘米。
The size of the box is six feet by four by three and two-thirds.
這個箱子的大小是長六英尺寬四英尺高三又三分之二英尺。
8. 一些數學表達式的讀法,其中一些常見的符號如:
"+" 讀作 plus 或 and;
"-" 讀作 minus或from;
"×" 讀作 times或multiplied by;
"÷" 讀作 divided by。
5+8 =13
Five plus eight is thirteen.
五加八等於十三。
15-6 =9
Fifteen minus six is nine.
十五減六等於九。
4×5 =20
Four times five is twenty.
Four multiplied by five is twenty.
Four fives are twenty.
四乘以五等於二十。
8÷2 → 4
Eight divided by two is four.
Two in eight goes four.
八除以二等於四。
9. 電話號碼、房間號、帳號、汽車牌號等按編號的順序一個一個地讀出,遇到 "0" 時讀 oh,相連的兩個相同的基數詞可讀作 double。
My office phone number is 268-8064 extension 321.
我的辦公室電話是二六八八零**分機三二一.
268-8064 extension 321 讀作 two six eight eight O six four extension three two one.
My account number is 38800685.
我的帳號是三八八零零六八五。
38800685 讀作 three eight eight zero zero six eight five or three double eight double oh six eight five
10. 貨幣的讀法,如:
$18.29 讀作 eighteen dollars twenty-nine cents或eighteen twenty-nine
十八美元二十九美分。
$15 讀作 fifteen dollars (even)
表示十五美元(整)。
C$268 讀作 two hundred and sixty-eight Canadian dollars
表示二百六十八加拿大元。
JP¥10,000 讀作 ten thousand Japanese Yen
表示一萬日元。
11. 帝王第~世的讀法,如:
William I 讀作 William the First(威廉一世)
Elizabeth II 讀作 Elizabeth the Second(伊利莎白二世)
12. 其他表達法,如:
World War II 讀作 world war two 或 the second world war(第二次世界大戰)
No.1 讀作 number one(第一)
Lesson III 讀作 lesson three(第三課)
Section I 讀作 section one(第一節)
P.10 讀作 page ten(第十頁)